踏入六、七月，不少爸媽已經開始為暑假行程作準備。無論是帶寶寶去英國探親、陪小朋友去澳洲參加短期課程，還是全家飛往日本遊玩，在規劃這場期待已久的親子旅遊時，出發前的興奮心情總伴隨著一絲擔憂：萬一小朋友在海外生病怎麼辦？
除了大家熟悉的流感外，家長更要警惕一種在多個熱門外遊國家活躍、且初期徵狀與流感極其相似的危險威脅——腦膜炎雙球菌¹ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ 。
暑假季節旅遊必讀：保護孩子的3大外遊攻略
攻略 1：警剔高危旅遊熱點，別誤把「大菌」當流感¹
腦膜炎雙球菌最危險之處在於其隱蔽性。腦膜炎雙球菌可存活於人的喉嚨和鼻腔,，大約每10人就有一人是無症狀帶菌者⁷，五歲以下的幼童尤是高危一族²，而青少年的帶菌率更高達35%⁸。
這些「細菌」無處不在，且傳播方式極其日常，主要透過呼吸道和喉嚨分泌物（如唾液或口水）在人與人之間傳播。其初期徵狀如發燒、頭痛、嘔吐¹ ³ ⁷，初期病徵與流感相似，但可急速惡化，容易令家長放下戒心¹。
Image Source: Wikivoyage. Copyright: Kim Hansen
- 英國爆發案例： 今年3月英國肯特郡出現B型腦膜炎雙球菌爆發，一周內錄得約20宗確診，2名青少年死亡，引起當地公共衛生關注¹⁴。
- 本港外遊案例： 今年4月初有9歲小朋友在與家人前往日本旅遊返港後確診，反映前往高風險感染國家旅遊時，家長要加倍警惕留神²⁷。（見下圖：高風險地區分佈）
在熱門旅遊和留學地區，B 型是所有腦膜炎雙球菌感染中最主要的類型。
B型腦膜炎雙球菌出沒的高風險地區
（B型腦膜炎雙球菌佔所有腦膜炎雙球菌感染個案的比率）
數據資料：
- 英國： 86.5%²⁹
- 澳洲： 82.8%¹³
- 紐西蘭： 72%¹⁵
- 歐洲： 62%¹⁶
- 中國內地： 52.4%¹⁷
- 加拿大： 40%¹⁸
- 美國： 26%¹⁹
- 日本： 26%⁹
攻略 2：旅遊途中的「隱形陷阱」！加緊日常防護策略
在人潮聚集的暑假，於密閉且人多擁擠的場所，容易促進病菌傳播²⁸。
保持衛生： 在公共場所玩耍後，必須徹底清潔小朋友雙手²⁰ ²¹。
環境防範： 在擁擠的環境（例如家庭、學校及宿舍）中，腦膜炎雙球菌的帶菌率均較一般人群為高²² ²⁸。
觀察病徵： 若小朋友在旅途中出現異常的意識混亂、皮膚紅疹或頸部僵硬³ ¹⁰ ，初期病徵與流感相似，但可急速惡化¹，也應立即尋求專業醫療協助。
攻略 3：及早諮詢，為小朋友度身訂造保護方案
最好的保護，往往在出發前就已經開始。特別是在嬰幼兒階段²⁴ ，及早建立完整的防護網至關重要。無論是計劃帶寶寶外遊的父母²⁷ 、抑或希望保護好嫩嬰或幼兒日後安心上學³⁰ 、與同伴相處無憂的家長，都應該與你的家庭醫生或兒科診所諮詢，為孩子度身訂造最合適的保護方案。尤其近期侵入性腦膜炎雙球菌感染在許多國家已有上升趨勢¹¹，更需格外警覺。及早預防，才能確保旅程平安無虞。
FAQ 常見問題
Q：跟孩子去衛生較好的國家安全嗎？
A：雖然這些國家的整體公共衛生環境較優良，但仍不可掉以輕心。腦膜炎雙球菌主要經由患者咳嗽或打噴嚏而產生的飛沫或直接接觸患者呼吸道分泌物而傳播⁷ ²⁰。值得注意的是，腦膜炎雙球菌在許多國家的發病率正呈上升趨勢。根據數據顯示，英國的感染個案中腦B佔比高達86.5%²⁹，澳洲亦達82.8%¹³，港人常去的中國內地也過50%¹⁷，而本港過去的個案中亦有高達 83.3%（6宗個案中的5宗）屬於 B 型²³，可見其威脅不容忽視，不可不慎。
建議出發前，務必諮詢醫生關於預防方案²⁰，並備妥常備藥品，為孩子的健康築起最完整的防護網。
Q：幾時需要求醫？
A： 腦膜炎的常見病徵包括頸部僵硬、發燒、意識混亂或精神狀態改變、頭痛、噁心和嘔吐。
如出現細菌性腦膜炎，可出現其他症狀，包括：手腳冰冷、關節和肌肉疼痛、呼吸較平常急促、腹瀉、深紫色或紅色且按壓不褪色的皮疹應立即求醫，切勿拖延¹ ³ ²⁵ ²⁶。
Q：計劃親子遊時應何時開始準備預防？
A： 最好在嬰幼兒階段就提供完整的防護¹² ²⁴，同時在計劃旅遊前亦應先諮詢醫生²⁰。建議在規劃親子旅遊行程時，同步向醫生查詢相關的旅遊預防方案。
精彩旅程，源於最充分的準備。想了解更多防護建議？請向你的兒科醫生查詢。
參考資料:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal Disease Symptoms and Complications. 2026. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/symptoms/index.html Accessed June 2026
- Peterson ME, et al. Journal of Global Health. 2019;9:010409.
- WHO, Meningitis Key Facts, 2023. Available at:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis“…medical emergency; bacteria can have similar symptoms. Accessed June 2026
- UK Health Security Agency. Invasive meningococcal disease in England: annual laboratory confirmed reports for epidemiological year 2022 to 2023. GOV.UK. 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/invasive-meningococcal-disease-in-england-annual-laboratory-confirmed-reports-for-epidemiological-year-2022-to-2023 Accessed Jun 2026
- CDC;2023;1-2;Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, 2020
- Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS): invasive meningococcal disease notifications, Australia, 2009–2023. Data current as at June 18, 2024. Accessed Jun 2026. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/collections/national-notifiable-diseases-surveillance-system-nndss
- CDC2024. About Meningococcal disease. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/index.html#:~:text=meningitis%20are%20bacteria%20that%20can,the%20body%20and%20cause%20infection. Accessed June 2026
- Diaz J, et al. Journal of Infection and Public Health;2016;9:506-515
- Liu G, et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025;21(1)1-12.
- WHO2024. Meningitis. Available at: https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/meningitis/meningitis.html. Accessed June 2026.
- Borrow R et al. Current global trends in meningococcal disease control, risk groups and vaccination: consensus of the Global Meningococcal Initiative. J Infect. 2025;91(5):106635.
- Thorn N et al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of a reduced-interval 4CMenB primary immunisation schedule in UK infants: a multicentre, open-label, assessor-blinded, phase 4 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2026.
- Lahra MM, et al. Communicable Disease Intelligence.2024;48;1-5.
- Kirby, T. (2026). Meningitis B outbreak in England. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 26(3), e216.
- Institute of Environmental. Science and Research Limited. ESR. January 17,2024. Available at https://www.esr.cri.nz/digital-library/meningococcal-disease-report-jan-dec-2023/#:~:text=This%20report%20summarises%20invasive%20meningococcal%20disease%20notifications%20and,Meningococcal%20Reference%20Laboratory%20as%20at%2017%20January%202024. Accessed June 2026
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Stockholm: ECDC, April 2024. Available at: https://www/ecdc/europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/invasive-meningococcal-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2022.pdf. Accessed June 2026
- Xu J et al; Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics;2022;18;1-9
- Public Health Agency of Canada. 2022. Available at https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/publications/vaccines-immunization/vaccine-preventable-disease-surveilance-report-2019/vaccine-preventable-disease-surveillance-report-eng.pdf. Accessed June 2026
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/downloads/NCIRD-EMS-Report-2019.pdf. Accessed June 2026
- Centre for Health Protection. 20 Mar 2026. Meningococcal infection. Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government. Available at: Centre for Health Protection - Meningococcal Infection Accessed June 2026
- Ross, I et al. (2026). Cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analyses of promoting handwashing with soap: A systematic review. PLOS Medicine, 23(4), e1004982.
- Mustapha, M. et al (2021). Transmission dynamics and microevolution of Neisseria meningitidis during carriage and invasive disease in high school students in Georgia and Maryland, 2006–2007. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 223(12), 2038–2047.
- Centre for Health Protection. (2025). Updated global and local situation of meningococcal infection. Communicable Diseases Watch, 21(5), 28–29.
- Di Pietro, G. M., Biffi, G., Castellazzi, M. L., Tagliabue, C., Pinzani, R., Bosis, S., & Marchisio, P. G. (2022). Meningococcal disease in pediatric age: A focus on epidemiology and prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4035
- NHS Borders. June 2014. Available at: https://www.nhsborders.scot.nhs.uk/media/197835/meningococcal-June-2014.pdf. Accessed June 2026.
- Nadel S. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59(2 Suppl):S21-8. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.013. 12. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/cdw_v16_3.pdf. Accessed June 2026
- Centre for Health Protection. (2026, March 20). CHP investigates local case of invasive meningococcal infection and continues to monitor outbreak in United Kingdom. Department of Health, Hong Kong. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202603/20/P2026032000605.htm Accessed June 2026
- Badahdah AM, Rashid H, Khatami A, Booy R. Meningococcal disease burden and transmission in crowded settings and mass gatherings other than Hajj/Umrah: a systematic review. Vaccine. 2018;36(31):4593-4602.
- UK Health Security Agency. Laboratory confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal infection in England: July to September 2023. Published August 29, 2024. Accessed July 2, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-2023-to-2024/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-july-to-september-2023.
- Alexandrino AS, Santos R, Melo C, Bastos JM. Risk factors for respiratory infections among children attending day care centres. Fam Pract. 2016;33(2):161-166.
以上資訊由 GSK 葛蘭素史克藥廠提供
請向醫護人員查詢有關詳情
©2026 葛蘭素史克集團或其授權人
GlaxoSmithKline Limited
NP-HK-VX-SMP-260003 (05/2028) Date of preparation: 06/2026
